| In Vivo |
Melatonin increases the levels of activated PTEN, RSK-1, mTOR and AMPKα kinases, mildly inhibits ERK-1/2 phosphorylation and Bad phosphorylation, significantly inhibits phosphorylations of S6 Ribosomal Protein, 4E-BP1, GSK-3α and GSK-3β, and slightly increases PRAS40 phosphorylation in animals[1]. Melatonin ameliorates the neurotoxiciy and astrocyte activation induced by Aβ1-42 in the cerebral cortex. Melatonin also blocks the reduction in Reelin and Dab1 expression induced by Aβ1-42[2]. Melatonin treatment and lack of NLRP3-/- share similar inhibition of NF-κB and NLRP3 signaling pathway in mice. Melatonin treatment and lack of NLRP3-/- share some patterns of clock genes expression, and improve cardiomyocytes morphology in mice[3].
MedChemExpress (MCE) has not independently confirmed the accuracy of these methods. They are for reference only.
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| Solvent & Solubility |
In Vitro:
DMSO : 100 mg/mL (430.51 mM; Need ultrasonic; Hygroscopic DMSO has a significant impact on the solubility of product, please use newly opened DMSO)
Ethanol : 12.5 mg/mL (53.81 mM; Need ultrasonic)
H2O : 1.1 mg/mL (4.74 mM; Need ultrasonic)
Preparing
Stock Solutions
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Concentration
Solvent
Mass
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1 mg |
5 mg |
10 mg |
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1 mM
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4.3051 mL
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21.5257 mL
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43.0515 mL
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5 mM
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0.8610 mL
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4.3051 mL
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8.6103 mL
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10 mM
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0.4305 mL
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2.1526 mL
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4.3051 mL
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View the Complete Stock Solution Preparation Table
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Please refer to the solubility information to select the appropriate solvent. Once prepared, please aliquot and store the solution to prevent product inactivation from repeated freeze-thaw cycles.
Storage method and period of stock solution: -80°C, 6 months; -20°C, 1 month. When stored at -80°C, please use it within 6 months. When stored at -20°C, please use it within 1 month.
*
Note: If you choose water as the stock solution, please dilute it to the working solution,
then filter and sterilize it with a 0.22 μm filter before use.
Molarity CalculatorDilution Calculator
Mass (g) = Concentration (mol/L) × Volume (L) × Molecular Weight (g/mol)
Concentration (start) × Volume (start) = Concentration (final) × Volume (final)
This equation is commonly abbreviated as: C1V1 = C2V2
In Vivo:
Select the appropriate dissolution method based on your experimental animal and administration route.
For the following dissolution methods, please ensure to first prepare a clear stock solution using an In Vitro approach and then sequentially add co-solvents:
To ensure reliable experimental results, the clarified stock solution can be appropriately stored based on storage conditions. As for the working solution for in vivo experiments, it is recommended to prepare freshly and use it on the same day.
The percentages shown for the solvents indicate their volumetric ratio in the final prepared solution. If precipitation or phase separation occurs during preparation, heat and/or sonication can be used to aid dissolution.
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Protocol 1
Add each solvent one by one: 10% DMSO 40% PEG300 5% Tween-80 45% Saline Solubility: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (10.76 mM); Clear solution
This protocol yields a clear solution of ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (saturation unknown). Taking 1 mL working solution as an example, add 100 μL DMSO stock solution (25.0 mg/mL) to 400 μL PEG300, and mix evenly; then add 50 μL Tween-80 and mix evenly; then add 450 μL Saline to adjust the volume to 1 mL. Preparation of Saline: Dissolve 0.9 g sodium chloride in ddH₂O and dilute to 100 mL to obtain a clear Saline solution.
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Protocol 2
Add each solvent one by one: 10% DMSO 90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline) Solubility: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (10.76 mM); Clear solution
This protocol yields a clear solution of ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (saturation unknown). Taking 1 mL working solution as an example, add 100 μL DMSO stock solution (25.0 mg/mL) to 900 μL 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline, and mix evenly. Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C, storage for one week): 2 g SBE-β-CD powder is dissolved in 10 mL Saline, completely dissolve until clear.
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Protocol 3
Add each solvent one by one: 10% DMSO 90% Corn Oil Solubility: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (10.76 mM); Clear solution
This protocol yields a clear solution of ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (saturation unknown). If the continuous dosing period exceeds half a month, please choose this protocol carefully. Taking 1 mL working solution as an example, add 100 μL DMSO stock solution (25.0 mg/mL) to 900 μL Corn oil, and mix evenly.
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Protocol 4
Add each solvent one by one: 2% DMSO 40% PEG300 5% Tween-80 53% Saline Solubility: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (10.76 mM); Clear solution
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Protocol 5
Add each solvent one by one: 2% DMSO 98% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline) Solubility: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (10.76 mM); Clear solution
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Protocol 6
Add each solvent one by one: 10% EtOH 40% PEG300 5% Tween-80 45% Saline Solubility: ≥ 1.25 mg/mL (5.38 mM); Clear solution
This protocol yields a clear solution of ≥ 1.25 mg/mL (saturation unknown). Taking 1 mL working solution as an example, add 100 μL EtOH stock solution (12.5 mg/mL) to 400 μL PEG300, and mix evenly; then add 50 μL Tween-80 and mix evenly; then add 450 μL Saline to adjust the volume to 1 mL. Preparation of Saline: Dissolve 0.9 g sodium chloride in ddH₂O and dilute to 100 mL to obtain a clear Saline solution.
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Protocol 7
Add each solvent one by one: 10% EtOH 90% Corn Oil Solubility: ≥ 1.25 mg/mL (5.38 mM); Clear solution
This protocol yields a clear solution of ≥ 1.25 mg/mL (saturation unknown). If the continuous dosing period exceeds half a month, please choose this protocol carefully. Taking 1 mL working solution as an example, add 100 μL EtOH stock solution (12.5 mg/mL) to 900 μL Corn oil, and mix evenly.
For the following dissolution methods, please prepare the working solution directly.
It is recommended to prepare fresh solutions and use them promptly within a short period of time.
The percentages shown for the solvents indicate their volumetric ratio in the final prepared solution.
If precipitation or phase separation occurs during preparation,
heat and/or sonication can be used to aid dissolution.
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Protocol 1
Add each solvent one by one: 40% PEG300 60% Saline Solubility: 15 mg/mL (64.58 mM); Clear solution; Need ultrasonic
In Vivo Dissolution Calculator
Please enter the basic information of animal experiments:
Please enter your animal formula composition:
Recommended: Keep the proportion of DMSO in working solution below 2% if your animal is weak.
The co-solvents required include: DMSO,
. All of co-solvents are available by MedChemExpress (MCE).
, Tween 80. All of co-solvents are available by MedChemExpress (MCE).
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| References |
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[1]. Kilic U, et al. Particular phosphorylation of PI3K/Akt on Thr308 via PDK-1 and PTEN mediates melatonin's neuroprotective activity after focal cerebral ischemia in mice. Redox Biol. 2017 Apr 5;12:657-665
[Content Brief]
[2]. Hu C, et al. Neuroprotective effect of melatonin on soluble Aβ1-42-induced cortical neurodegeneration via Reelin-Dab1 signaling pathway. Neurol Res. 2017 Apr 7:1-1
[Content Brief]
[3]. Rahim I, et al. Melatonin administration to wild-type mice and non-treated NLRP3 mutant mice share similar inhibition of the inflammatory response during sepsis. J Pineal Res. 2017 Mar 31
[Content Brief]
[4]. Bu LJ, et al. Melatonin, a novel selective ATF-6 inhibitor, induces human hepatoma cell apoptosis through COX-2 downregulation. World J Gastroenterol. 2017 Feb 14;23(6):986-998.
[Content Brief]
[5]. Zhi Chen, et al. Melatonin attenuates palmitic acid-induced mouse granulosa cells apoptosis via endoplasmic reticulum stress. J Ovarian Res. 2019 May 10;12(1):43.
[Content Brief]
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